#Data integration guide wire resume manual

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are better studied than SMPs and have a shorter response time, but also a higher density, higher cost and lower attainable strains 13.Р”Р„ shape memory alloy actuated catheter has been designed such that tubes of the SMA were distributed about the central axis of the catheter and could be heated to achieve bending due to shrinking of the SMA material 7. In a study by Buckley et al., inductive heating was used to induce a change in SMP shape by loading ferromagnetic particles into the polymer and exposing it to an alternating magnetic field, as could be used in conjunction with MRI 12. Direct heat is the most commonly used trigger for an SMP to resume its original shape, although ultraviolet and infrared radiation, electrical current, pH changes and magnetic fields have also been used 11. Shape memory polymers (SMPs) have during the past 10 years been investigated for this purpose.

Smart material actuators provide an alternative to the classical mechanisms of guidance. Manually controlled, shapeable, metallic guide wires of variable stiffness placed through variably stiff plastic catheters have been the mainstay of endovascular catheter guidance under X-ray fluoroscopic imaging for decades and the number of guide wires and catheters available for specific applications throughout the body is huge 7, 10.

#Data integration guide wire resume manual

Guide wires for manual direction are flexible, small-diameter wires placed through the patent lumens of catheters and are manually navigated into branch vessels before the functional catheter tip to serve as a stable track for the catheter to follow 10.

Manual and pullwire guidance were the first to be used. With these evident challenges, various guidance mechanisms for guide wire and catheter navigation have been designed and are in clinical use. Moreover, it is difficult to manipulate a guide wire tip through sharp turns, for instance when entering a recurrent branch vessel whose origin is directed at an orientation greater than 90 degrees to the parent vessel 9. After the guide wire has been navigated through several vascular turns, the torque at the proximal end is hindered 7, 8. With a traditional guide wire, its tip is steered by manually rotating the wire about its axis and pushing it forward into the desired vessel. Some of these risks can be offset by systemic heparinization, which is routinely used in clinical endovascular procedures performed today, though this may itself increase the risk of procedural hemorrhage.Р”Р‡or many procedures the guide wire is guided from a safe entrance vessel (e.g., the common femoral artery) to a target that is relatively far away in the body via branched or tortuous vessels 7. The difficulty of steering and controlling the guide wire increases the risks for complications, including vascular dissection, perforation and thrombosis 7. Maneuverability of a guide wire for intravascular navigation is the key to reaching the targeted area the ability to steer a guide wire thus affects to a great extent the duration and success of the procedure. A majority of interventions involve the use of flexible guide wires and catheters that are guided by the surgeon into the appropriate vessels under real-time X-ray imaging 4, 5, 6.

Image-guided endovascular interventions have gained in popularity in clinical practice as studies have consistently shown that these minimally invasive interventions are of equivalent or greater efficiency and offer lower mortality rates when compared to traditional open surgical techniques 1, 2, 3.